THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION
THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION
Useful information about the needs of cats and dogs with nutritionally sensitive health conditions.
Abnormal Body Condition
Obesity in Dogs and Cats
Worldwide, studies estimate that up to 63% of pet cats and 59.3% of pet dogs are overweight or obese.1 This condition is linked with many diseases, including osteoarthritis and feline diabetes.2,3 Studies also show that overweight or obese pets do not live as long as their leaner counterparts.4-6 Despite the serious health consequences of excess weight, surveys show that pet owners often do not perceive their pet’s weight as a problem.1,7,8 Better understanding—and communicating—the role of nutrition in managing excess weight in pets can help cats and dogs lead better, longer lives.9
Key Messages
- The first step in addressing excess weight in pets is recognizing the ideal body condition for an individual dog or cat. Determining ideal body condition includes:
- Measuring body weight. However, weight is only one aspect of healthy body condition. Weight says nothing about the composition of the body (fat versus lean body mass). Weight can stay the same while fat mass increases and lean body mass declines with age.
- Assessing excess fat using the Purina 9-point Body Condition Score (BCS) system:
- Ideal BCS for cats is 5 and for dogs is 4-5.
- Pets are considered obese at BCS above 7.
- Although owners tend to underestimate the condition of their pet,10 studies show that pet owners are better able to correctly identify BCS after seeing a BCS score chart.11,12
- Evaluating muscle mass with a 4-point Muscle Condition Scoring (MCS) system, which can help account for losses of lean body mass that may occur even in overweight pets.
- Dietary therapy is a cornerstone of weight management, both in achieving and maintaining ideal body condition.
- Estimate the pet’s daily calorie allowance for weight loss by calculating the pet’s Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER) for its target body weight, and then reduce that allowance by 25-40%.
- Caloric restriction should aim for a gradual weight loss of 0.5 -1% of body weight per week in cats, and 1-2% in dogs.13 Due to individual differences in MER that can vary by 50% from average, it may be necessary to adjust intake in order to achieve the desired rate of weight loss. Too rapid weight loss can lead to weight rebound after achieving target body weight.
- Formulate a detailed weight loss plan based on daily calorie allowance.14
- Identify exactly which food(s) the owner should feed.
- Use a diet with an increased ratio of essential nutrients to calories so that intake of essential nutrients is maintained while calories are restricted.
- Key nutrients include protein and fiber.
- Soy isoflavones and carnitine also provide benefits.
- Consult with a veterinary nutritionist if a homemade diet is elected. Many published recipes are not nutritionally adequate and can lead to health problems.15
- Measuring the food can help ensure successful weight management. Gram scales are the most accurate but measuring cups are also useful.
- Factor treats or other foods into the total daily calorie intake. Keep them to less than 10% of the total.
- Prepare pet owners to manage food-seeking behaviors when pets are on calorie restriction. Include suggestions for non-food related activities and for use of food toys.
- Identify exactly which food(s) the owner should feed.
- Monitor body weight, BCS, and MCS every 4 weeks and adjust calorie intake as needed.14
- MER may change as a pet loses weight.
- Once the target body condition is met, a pet’s energy needs will still be lower than prior to weight loss. Begin refeeding by increasing calorie allowance by 10%, then adjust as needed to maintain weight.
- Owner beliefs and behaviors can affect when—or if—they are ready to address their pet’s obesity.9,16
- Focus on the relationship between pet and pet owner.
- Emphasize how veterinary nutrition can improve a pet’s quality of life and prevent debilitating diseases.
THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION
“Your [cat/dog] has a Body Condition Score of [_] and would be healthier with a score of [5 for cats/4-5 for dogs]. Are you open to working together to help [pet’s name] attain an ideal Body Condition Score?“
Related Tools and Content:
The Purina Body Condition System
The Purina Body Condition System is an easy and practical tool for assessing a pet's body composition.
How to Perform a Body Condition Assessment - Cat
Assess a cat's Body Condition Score in just 3 simple steps.
How to Perform a Body Condition Assessment - Dog
Assess a dog's Body Condition Score in just 3 simple steps.
Components of Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional assessment uses an iterative process to make specific diet recommendations tailored to individual dogs and cats.
Taking a Good Diet History
The only way to know what each patient really eats is to ask ꟷ and document the information in the medical record.
Feeding Pets for Weight Loss
Up to 63% of pet cats and 59.3% of pet dogs are overweight or obese, and this condition is linked with serious health risks. However, many pet owners do not recognize their dog or cat is overweight or how nutrition can help manage healthy weight–and a healthier life—for their pet.
OBESITY IN PETS: Nutritional and Behavioral Strategies for Preventing and Managing Excess Weight
Preventing and managing excess weight can help dogs and cats lead better, and importantly, longer lives.
Lean Body Mass & Protein
Discover the importance of Lean Body Mass (LBM) in overall health for dogs and cats, and the role a high-protein diet can play in slowing LBM loss.
Use Muscle Condition Scoring to Detect Muscle Loss in Patients
Muscle condition scoring is a hands-on method for evaluating lean body mass that can be used as part of nutritional assessments.
WSAVA Feline Muscle Condition Score Chart
A simple visual guide to help assess muscle mass in cats.
WSAVA Canine Muscle Condition Score Chart
A simple visual guide to help assess muscle mass in dogs.
Engaging Clients Regarding Pet Obesity
Discussing this sensitive topic starts with the health and wellbeing of the pet in mind.
Determining a Client’s Nutritional "Readiness to Change"
Understanding the stages of change can help you identify the right solution at the right time.
To Share With Pet Owner:
Evaluating Your Cat’s Body Condition
Assess your cat's Body Condition in just 3 simple steps.
Evaluating Your Dog’s Body Condition
Assess your dog's Body Condition in just 3 simple steps.
Feline Body Condition System Sheet
A visual aid to the Purina Body Condition Score System for cats.
Canine Body Condition System Sheet
A visual aid to the Purina Body Condition Score System for dogs.
Body Condition System Progress Chart Cat
The Progress Chart should be used with the Feline Body Condition System Sheet to help track a pet’s weight loss or gain.
Body Condition System Progress Chart Dog
The Progress Chart should be used with the Canine Body Condition System Sheet to help track a pet’s weight loss or gain.
References
- Larsen, J. A., & Villaverde, C. (2016). Scope of the problem and perception by owners and veterinarians. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 761–772.
- German, A. J., Ryan, V. H., German, A. C., Wood, I. S., & Trayhurn, P. (2010). Obesity, its associated disorders and the role of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. Veterinary Journal, 185(1), 4–9.
- Laflamme, D. P. (2012). Obesity in dogs and cats: What is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science, 90, 1653–1662.
- Penell, J. C., Morgan, D. M., Watson, P., Carmichael, S., & Adams, V. J. (2019). Body weight at 10 years of age and change in body composition between 8 and 10 years of age were related to survival in a longitudinal study of 39 Labrador retriever dogs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 61(1), 42.
- Salt, C., Morris, P. J., Wilson, D., Lund, E. M., & German, A. J. (2019). Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(1), 89–99.
- Teng, K. T., McGreevy, P. D., Toribio, J. L., Raubenheimer, D., Kendall, K., & Dhand, N. K. (2018). Strong associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(12), 1110–1118.
- Eastland-Jones, R. C., German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Biourge, V., & Pickavance, L. C. (2014). Owner misperception of canine body condition persists despite use of a body condition score chart. Journal of Nutritional Science, 3, e45.
- Singh, R., Laflamme, D. P., & Sidebottom-Nielsen, M. (2002). Owner perceptions of canine body condition score. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16, 362.
- Churchill, J., & Ward, E. (2016). Communicating with pet owners about obesity: Roles of the veterinary health care team. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 899–911. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.010
- German, A. J. (2016). Obesity prevention and weight maintenance after loss. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 913–929. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.011
- Colliard, L., Paragon, B. M., Lemuet, B., Bénet, J. J., & Blanchard, G. (2009). Prevalence and risk factors of obesity in an urban population of healthy cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(2), 135–140. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.07.002
- Peron, L., Rahal, S. C., Castilho, M. S., Melchert, A., Vassalo, F. G., Mesquita, L. R., & Kano, W. T. (2016). Owner's perception for detecting feline body condition based on questionnaire and scores. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 31(3), 122–124. doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.08.008
- Laflamme, D. P. (2006). Understanding and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36, 1283–1295.
- Shepherd, M. (2021). Canine and feline obesity management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 51(3), 653–667. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.005
- Stockman, J., Fascetti, A. J., Kass, P. H., & Larsen, J. A. (2013). Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242(11), 1500–1505. doi: 10.2460/javma.242.11.1500
- Webb, T. L., du Plessis, H., Christian, H., Raffan, E., Rohlf, V., & White, G. A. (2020). Understanding obesity among companion dogs: New measures of owner's beliefs and behaviour and associations with body condition scores. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 180, 105029.